How Open-Source Tools Work

Architecture deep dives explaining how 18 popular open-source tools are built. Pipeline analysis, system dynamics, and technology breakdowns — generated from source code by CodeSea.

Data Pipelines

how prefect works

How Prefect Works

Prefect positions itself as the anti-Airflow: no DAGs, no operators, just Python. Under the hood, though, it solves the ...

how dbt works

How dbt Works

dbt flipped the analytics engineering model: instead of extracting data out of the warehouse to transform it, you write ...

ML Training Pipelines

transformers architecture explained

HuggingFace Transformers Architecture Explained

The HuggingFace Transformers library ships thousands of model implementations in a single package. How do you architect ...

pytorch lightning architecture

How PyTorch Lightning Works

Every ML researcher writes the same training loop boilerplate: data loading, gradient accumulation, checkpointing, distr...

how deepspeed works

How DeepSpeed Works

Training a model with a trillion parameters requires more memory than any single GPU can hold. DeepSpeed solves this wit...

ML Inference & Agents

how langchain works

How LangChain Works

An LLM call is stateless — it takes text in and returns text out. LangChain turns that primitive into applications: chai...

how llama index works

How LlamaIndex Works

The core problem LlamaIndex solves is simple to state: your data is in documents, but your LLM needs context windows. Th...

how vllm works

How vLLM Works

Serving an LLM is a memory management problem. Each request needs a KV cache that grows with sequence length, and naive ...

how dspy works

How DSPy Works

Prompt engineering is manual tuning — you adjust words until the output looks right. DSPy treats it as an optimization p...

how autogen works

How AutoGen Works

Most LLM frameworks chain calls sequentially. AutoGen takes a different approach: it creates multiple agents that talk t...

Backend APIs & Services

how fastapi works

How FastAPI Works

FastAPI achieves something unusual: it is one of the fastest Python web frameworks while also being one of the most deve...

nestjs architecture explained

How NestJS Works

NestJS borrows heavily from Angular: modules, decorators, dependency injection, guards. The bet is that the same pattern...

how strapi works

How Strapi Works

A headless CMS needs to solve two problems simultaneously: give content editors a visual interface, and give developers ...

Dashboards & Analytics

how superset works

How Apache Superset Works

Superset is what happens when you build a BI tool on top of SQLAlchemy: every data source becomes a SQL endpoint, every ...

how metabase works

How Metabase Works

Metabase solves the "everyone needs data but not everyone writes SQL" problem. Its architecture is built around a visual...

Fullstack Apps

how supabase works

How Supabase Works

Supabase is often called "the open-source Firebase," but the architecture is fundamentally different. Where Firebase is ...

Weather & Climate Models

how graphcast works

How GraphCast Works

Traditional weather forecasting runs physics simulations on supercomputers. GraphCast replaces the simulation with a gra...

Scientific Computing

scikit learn architecture

How scikit-learn Works

scikit-learn shaped how an entire generation thinks about machine learning APIs. Its fit/predict/transform pattern is so...

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